Brands (2012), have generally been more positive and less critical of Grant. Analysis of Grant's presidency by some modern scholars, including Grant biographers Jean Edward Smith (2001) and H.W. However, there have been few historical scholarly studies on his presidency, and they have been mostly negative. There are abundant historical resources on Grant and his role during the Civil War and thereafter. Although still below average, his reputation among scholars has significantly improved in recent years because of greater appreciation for his commitment to civil rights, moral courage in his prosecution of the Ku Klux Klan, and enforcement of voting rights. During his second term the country's economy was devastated by the Panic of 1873, while investigations exposed corruption scandals in the administration. Although his Republican Party split in 1872 as reformers denounced him, Grant was easily reelected. In foreign policy, Grant sought to increase American trade and influence, while remaining at peace with the world. As president, Grant led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery, protect African American citizenship, and pursued Reconstruction in the former Confederate states. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and secession, the war ending with the surrender of Robert E.

Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant Ap– July 23, 1885) was the 18th president of the United States (1869–1877) following his success as military commander in the American Civil War.

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